Digit Ratio References – Bernhard Fink

The following list includes digit ratio references (from A to Z) of a database I have been creating in collaboration with John Manning (Swansea University). It may not be complete and may contain errors, because the information on digit ratio studies has been obtained from various sources. However, we feel that it is useful to publicize the list, as it may help scholars who work on digit ratio with identifying relevant publications for their work. N=1,321 references (Aug 30, 2024). Recent presentations on 2D:4D by John Manning can be viewed here, and here.

Ab-Rahman, S., Amir, N., & Sharifudin, M. A. (2021). Relationship between Index-to-Ring Length Ratio (2D:4D) and WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis. Malaysian Applied Biology, 50, 185–191.

Abbott, A. D., Colman, R. J., Tiefenthaler, R., Dumesic, D. A., & Abbott, D. H. (2012). Early-to-mid gestation fetal testosterone increases right hand 2D:4D finger length ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome-like monkeys. PLoS One, 7(8), e42372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042372

Abdülkadir Tekin, Hikmet Zeytun, & Bülent Hayri Özokutan. (2022). Cinsiyet Gelişim Kusurlarında Tanısal Parametrelerin Belirlenmesi ve Opere Edilen Hastaların Uzun Dönem Takip Sonuçları. Çocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi, 36(3), 12–18.

Abe, C., Adebahr, R., Liberg, B., Mannfolk, C., Lebedev, A., Eriksson, J., Langstrom, N., & Rahm, C. (2021). Brain structure and clinical profile point to neurodevelopmental factors involved in pedophilic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 143(4), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13273

Abe, T., Abe, A., & Loenneke, J. P. (2023). Association of changes in grip strength with second digit length adjusted for fourth digit length in young children. Am J Hum Biol, 35(8), e23901. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23901

Acar, H., & Eler, N. (2018). The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) With Cerebral Lateralization and Grip Strength in Elite Swimmers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(4), 6. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.3040

Acar, H., & Tutkun, E. (2019). Analysis of 2D:4D Ratios of National and Amateur Football Players. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 8(1), 132–137.

Adamczyk, J. G., Safranow, K., Gajewski, A. K., Boguszewski, D., Sozanski, H., Soltyszewski, I., Peplonska, B., Cieszczyk, P., Siewierski, M., & Zekanowski, C. (2021). The Second-to-Fourth Digit (2D:4D) Ratio of Male Combat Athletes is Associated with the Choice of Sport. J Hum Kinet, 78, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0083

Afsharnezhad, T., Ayatizadeh Tafti, F., Marzi, A. asghar, & Maleksabet, N. (2022). The Relationship among the Digit Ratio (2D:4D), Physical Activity, Aggression and Sensation Seeking in Mature and Immature Boys. Sport Sciences and Health Research, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.22059/sshr.2023.360016.1094

Afsharnezhad, T., Masanovic, B., & Popovic, S. (2024). Mediating Role of Prenatal Androgens, Muscle Strength and Physical Activity on Aggression in Obese and Overweight Children and Adolescents. Kinesiologia Slovenica: Scientific Journal on Sport, 30(2), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.30.2.18-38

Agha-Alinejad, H., Farzad, B., Akbari, M., Moffit, D. M., & Dakhili, A. (2019). Digit ratios and motor and health-related fitness in pre-adolescent females. Ann Hum Biol, 46(3), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1620332

Aguilar, R. (2023). Finger-Length Ratios and Sexual Orientation in Southern Spain: A Large Sample Study on Sex-Linked Personality and Cognitive Traits. Arch Sex Behav, 52(8), 3301–3312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02670-y

Aguirre Loaiza, H. H., Ayala, C. F., García, A. M., & Ramos Bermúdez, S. (2020). Índice de longitud digital 2D:4D en deportes de pelota (2D:4D Digital Length Index in Ball Sports). Retos, 39, 284–288. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.78257

AkdenİZ, G. (2023). The ratio of second and fourth finger lengths (2D:4D) can determine handedness. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 50(4), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1411493

Akkuş, M., & Avşar, P. A. (2024). 2D:4D ratio, alexithymia, impulsivity, aggression, and ADHD in men with opioid and methamphetamine use disorders: A comparative analysis with healthy controls. Early Human Development, 189, 105946. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.105946

Al-Qattan, N. M., Al-Kharashi, S. K., Al-Hindi, G. K., Dammas, N. M., Kattan, A. E., & Al-Qattan, M. M. (2019). Hand Pattern Based on Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio: Its Relationship to Sex, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open, 7(5), e2144. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002144

Al-Zaid, F. S., Alhader, A. A., & Al-Ayadhi, L. Y. (2015). The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in Saudi boys with autism: A potential screening tool. Early Hum Dev, 91(7), 413–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.007

Albores-Gallo, L., Fernandez-Guasti, A., Hernandez-Guzman, L., & List-Hilton, C. (2009). [2D:4D finger ratio and language development]. Rev Neurol, 48(11), 577–581. https://doi.org/rn2008378 [pii]

Alex, A. M., Ruvio, T., Xia, K., Jha, S. C., Girault, J. B., Wang, L., Li, G., Shen, D., Cornea, E., Styner, M. A., Gilmore, J. H., & Knickmeyer, R. C. (2022). Influence of gonadal steroids on cortical surface area in infancy. Cereb Cortex, 32(15), 3206–3223. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab410

Alexander, G. M. (2006). Associations among gender-linked toy preferences, spatial ability, and digit ratio: evidence from eye-tracking analysis. Arch Sex Behav, 35(6), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9038-2

Alexander, G. M., & Evardone, M. (2008). Blocks and bodies: sex differences in a novel version of the Mental Rotations Test. Horm Behav, 53(1), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.014

Alexander, G. M., & Son, T. (2007). Androgens and eye movements in women and men during a test of mental rotation ability. Horm Behav, 52(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.011

Alexander, G. M., Wilcox, T., & Farmer, M. E. (2009). Hormone-behavior associations in early infancy. Horm Behav, 56(5), 498–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.08.003

Aliabadi, S., & Zendehboodi, Z. (2021). Association of Digit Ratio With Depression and Hopelessness in Females. International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine, 6(3), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijbsm.2021.18

Alinezhadi, I., Heidari, N., & Javanbakht, H. (2020). Sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios of the second to fourth digits (2D:4D) in two species of green toads (Pelobates syriacus Boettger, 1889 and Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768)). Nova Biologica Reperta, 7(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.52547/nbr.7.3.295

Allaway, H. C., Bloski, T. G., Pierson, R. A., & Lujan, M. E. (2009). Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer-assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scans. Am J Hum Biol, 21(3), 365–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20892

Almasry, S. M., El Domiaty, M. A., Algaidi, S. A., Elbastawisy, Y. M., & Safwat, M. D. (2011). Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study. J Anat, 218(2), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x

Alonso, J., Di Paolo, R., Ponti, G., & Sartarelli, M. (2018). Facts and Misconceptions about 2D:4D, Social and Risk Preferences. Front Behav Neurosci, 12, 22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00022

Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2018). 2D:4D digit ratio and its relations to cross-sex and same-sex friendship choices. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 278–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.034

Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2024). Vulnerable women and grandiose men? A 2D:4D study on the links between narcissism and prenatal estrogen/testosterone exposure in women and men. Personality and Individual Differences, 229, 112756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112756

Andrew P. McMechan, Shonagh K. O’Leary-Moore, Scott D. Morrison, & John H. Hannigan. (2004). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on forepaw digit length and digit ratios in rats.

Andrievskaya, I., & Semenova, M. (2017). Does biological endowment matter for demand for financial services? Evidence from 2D:4D ratio in the Russian household survey. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.019

Androutsos, O., Moschonis, G., Koumpitski, A., Mantzou, A., Roma-Giannikou, E., Chrousos, G. P., Manios, Y., Kanaka-Gantenbein, C., & Healthy Growth Study, G. (2014). The correlation of right 2D:4D finger length ratio to the low-grade inflammation marker IL-6 in children. The Healthy Growth Study. Early Hum Dev, 90(1), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.10.003

Aparicio-Martínez, P., Ruiz-Rubio, M., Perea-Moreno, A.-J., Martínez-Jiménez, M. P., Pagliari, C., Redel-Macías, M. D., & Vaquero-Abellán, M. (2020). Gender differences in the addiction to social networks in the Southern Spanish university students. Telematics and Informatics, 46, 101304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101304

Apicella, C. L., Dreber, A., Campbell, B., Gray, P. B., Hoffmann, M., & Little, A. (2008). Testosterone and financial risk preferences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 384–390.

Apicella, C. L., Tobolsky, V. A., Marlowe, F. W., & Miller, K. W. (2016). Hadza hunter-gatherer men do not have more masculine digit ratios (2D: 4D). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 159(2), 223–232.

Arato, M., Frecska, E., Beck, C., An, M., & Kiss, H. (2004). Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 28(1), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.020

Arazi, H., Birak Olia, R. B., & Eghbali, E. (2023). Are the digit ratio (2D:4D) and hand grip strength related to Parkinson disease in elderly males? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 15(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00642-2

Arazi, H., Rashidlamir, A., Abolhasani, M. Z., & Hosaini, S. A. (2018). Profiling and predicting performance of indoor rock climbers. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 20, 82–94.

Arbex, M., Carré, J. M., Geniole, S. N., & Mattos, E. (2022). Is tax evasion macho? Testosterone, personality traits and evasion. Economic and Political Studies, 11(3), 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2110215

Arbuckle, T. E., Agarwal, A., MacPherson, S. H., Fraser, W. D., Sathyanarayana, S., Ramsay, T., Dodds, L., Muckle, G., Fisher, M., Foster, W., Walker, M., & Monnier, P. (2018). Prenatal exposure to phthalates and phenols and infant endocrine-sensitive outcomes: The MIREC study. Environ Int, 120, 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.034

Aslan Genc, H., & Ozcan Morey, A. (2023). Lower digit length ratio and aggression in adolescents and young adults with boxer’s fracture: A case-control study. Aggress Behav, 49(6), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22106

Assi, M. H. (2023). Gender Determination Using Hand Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study in Iraq. Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN 2789-3219 ), 5(1S), S23-28. https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v5i1S.301

Asuku, A., Danborno, B., Akuyam, S., Timbuak, J., Mohammed, A., & Adamu, L. (2019). Reference values of body adiposity measures and hand digit ratio (2D:4D) for dyslipidemia: A case study of the Hausa ethnic group in Kano, Nigeria. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy, 18(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.4103/jeca.jeca_9_19

Atkinson, B. M., Smulders, T. V., & Wallenberg, J. C. (2017). An endocrine basis for tomboy identity: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in “tomboys.” Psychoneuroendocrinology, 79, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.032

Auger, J., & Eustache, F. (2011). Second to fourth digit ratios, male genital development and reproductive health: a clinical study among fertile men and testis cancer patients. Int J Androl, 34(4 Pt 2), e49-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01124.x

Auger, J., Le Denmat, D., Berges, R., Doridot, L., Salmon, B., Canivenc-Lavier, M. C., & Eustache, F. (2013). Environmental levels of oestrogenic and antiandrogenic compounds feminize digit ratios in male rats and their unexposed male progeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 280(1768), 20131532.

Austin, E. J., Manning, J. T., McInroy, K., & Mathews, E. (2002). A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1115–1124.

Auza, M. (2023). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECOND AND FOURTH DIGIT RATIO SYSTEMIZATION AND EMPATHY IN ASHOLIO ETHNIC GROUP OF KADUNA STATE NIGERIA. 8, 97–101.

Aycinena, D., & Rentschler, L. (2017). Discounting and Digit Ratio: Low 2D:4D Predicts Patience for a Sample of Females. Front Behav Neurosci, 11, 257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00257